SECTION A - MECHANICS
1.1: Discuss how the methodology employed by Galileo contributed to the development of Physics. [cite: 372, 373, 374, 375, 376]
[cite_start]1.2: Investigate the factors which might affect the period of a simple pendulum. [cite: 379, 380, 381, 382]
[cite_start]1.3: Use graphs of experimental data from a simple pendulum. [cite: 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390]
[cite_start]1.4: Draw a line of 'best fit' for a set of plotted values. [cite: 404]
[cite_start]1.5: Determine the gradient of the straight line graph. [cite: 405]
[cite_start]1.6: Express the result of a measurement or calculation to an appropriate number of significant figures. [cite: 410]
[cite_start]1.7: Discuss possible types and sources of error in any measurement. [cite: 411, 412, 413]
[cite_start]1.8: Use a variety of instruments to measure different quantities. [cite: 414]
[cite_start]1.9: Assess the suitability of instruments on the basis of sensitivity, accuracy and range. [cite: 429, 430]
[cite_start]1.10: Apply the formula for density: $\rho = m/v$. [cite: 440]
[cite_start]2.1: Distinguish between scalars and vectors and give examples of each. [cite: 440]
[cite_start]2.2: Use scale diagrams to find the resultant of two vectors. [cite: 440]
[cite_start]2.3: Calculate the resultant of vectors which are parallel, anti-parallel and perpendicular. [cite: 440]
[cite_start]2.4: Explain that a single vector is equivalent to two other vectors at right angles. [cite: 440]
[cite_start]3.1: Explain the effects of forces. [cite: 440]
[cite_start]3.2: Identify types of forces. [cite: 446]
[cite_start]3.3: Determine the weight of objects. [cite: 446]
[cite_start]3.4: Show how derived quantities and their units are produced. [cite: 446]
[cite_start]3.5: Recall the special names given to the units for some derived quantities. [cite: 446]
[cite_start]3.6: Express derived units using the index notation. [cite: 446]
[cite_start]3.7: Identify situations in which the application of a force will result in a turning effect. [cite: 446]
[cite_start]3.8: Define the moment of a force, $\tau$. [cite: 452]
[cite_start]3.9: Apply the principle of moments. [cite: 452]
[cite_start]3.10: Explain the action of common tools and devices as levers. [cite: 452]
[cite_start]3.11: Determine the location of the centre of gravity of a body. [cite: 452]
[cite_start]3.12: Relate the stability of an object to the position of its centre of gravity and its weight. [cite: 452]
[cite_start]3.13: Investigate the relationship between extension and force. [cite: 452]
[cite_start]3.14: Solve problems using Hooke's law. [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.1: Define the terms: distance, displacement ($s$ or $x$), speed, velocity ($v$), and acceleration ($a$). [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.2: Apply displacement-time and velocity-time graphs. [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.3: Discuss Aristotle's arguments in support of his "law of motion". [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.4: State Newton's three laws of motion. [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.5: Use Newton's laws to explain dynamic systems. [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.6: Define linear momentum. [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.7: Describe situations that demonstrate the law of conservation of linear momentum. [cite: 459]
[cite_start]4.8: Apply the law of conservation of linear momentum. [cite: 465]
[cite_start]5.1: Define energy. [cite: 465]
[cite_start]5.2: Identify the various forms of energy. [cite: 465]
[cite_start]5.3: Describe the energy transformation(s) in a given situation. [cite: 465]
[cite_start]5.4: Apply the relationship: work = force $\times$ displacement. [cite: 465]
[cite_start]5.5: Discuss the use of energy from alternative sources and its importance to the Caribbean. [cite: 465]
[cite_start]5.6: Define potential energy ($E_p$). [cite: 472]
[cite_start]5.7: Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy using: $\Delta E_p = mg\Delta h$. [cite: 472]
[cite_start]5.8: Define kinetic energy ($E_k$). [cite: 472]
[cite_start]5.9: Calculate kinetic energies using the expression: $E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$. [cite: 472]
[cite_start]5.10: Apply the law of conservation of energy. [cite: 472]
[cite_start]5.11: Define power ($P$) and apply the definition: $P = E/t$. [cite: 472]
[cite_start]5.12: Explain the term efficiency. [cite: 478]
[cite_start]5.13: Calculate efficiency in given situations. [cite: 478]
[cite_start]6.1: Define pressure ($P$) and apply the definition: $P = F/A$. [cite: 478]
[cite_start]6.2: Relate the pressure at a point in a fluid to its depth and density. [cite: 478]
[cite_start]6.3: Apply Archimedes' principle to predict whether a body would float or sink in a given fluid. [cite: 478]
SECTION B - THERMAL PHYSICS AND KINETIC THEORY
1.1: Differentiate between the caloric and kinetic theories of heat as they existed in the eighteenth century. [cite: 574]
[cite_start]1.2: Discuss the role of Joule's experiments in establishing the principle of conservation of energy. [cite: 575, 576, 577, 578, 579]
[cite_start]2.1: Relate temperature to the direction of net thermal energy transfer. [cite: 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596]
[cite_start]2.2: Identify physical properties which vary with temperature and may be used for measurement. [cite: 598, 599, 600, 603, 604, 605, 606]
[cite_start]2.3: Relate the use of a thermometer to its design. [cite: 612]
[cite_start]2.4: Define the fixed points on the Celsius scale. [cite: 612]
[cite_start]2.5: Relate the temperature of a body to the kinetic energy of its molecules. [cite: 612]
[cite_start]2.6: Distinguish among solids, liquids and gases. [cite: 612]
[cite_start]2.7: Use the Kinetic theory to explain the different macroscopic properties of solids, liquids and gases. [cite: 612]
[cite_start]2.8: Explain observations of the effects of thermal expansion. [cite: 612]
[cite_start]2.9: Relate graphs of pressure or volume against temperature to the establishment of the Kelvin temperature scale. [cite: 619]
[cite_start]2.10: Use the relationship between Kelvin and Celsius scales: $T(K) = \theta(^\circ C) + 273$. [cite: 619]
[cite_start]2.11: Apply the gas laws (Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, Pressure Law, General Gas Law). [cite: 619]
[cite_start]2.12: Give qualitative explanations of the gas laws in terms of the Kinetic theory. [cite: 619]
[cite_start]3.1: Distinguish between specific heat capacity ($c$) and heat capacity ($C$). [cite: 624, 625, 626]
[cite_start]3.2: Apply the relationship $E_H = mc\Delta\theta$ or $E_H = mc\Delta T$. [cite: 627]
[cite_start]3.3: Determine the specific heat capacity of metals and liquids. [cite: 638]
[cite_start]3.4: Demonstrate that temperature remains constant during a phase change. [cite: 639]
[cite_start]3.5: Apply the relationship $E_H = ml$. [cite: 639]
[cite_start]3.6: Determine the specific latent heat of vaporization ($l_v$) and fusion ($l_f$) of water. [cite: 639]
[cite_start]3.7: Distinguish between evaporation and boiling. [cite: 639]
[cite_start]4.1: Explain the transfer of thermal energy by conduction. [cite: 644]
[cite_start]4.2: Explain the transfer of thermal energy by convection. [cite: 648]
[cite_start]4.3: Explain the transfer of thermal energy by radiation. [cite: 648]
[cite_start]4.4: Conduct experiments to investigate the factors on which absorption and emission of radiation depend. [cite: 648]
[cite_start]4.5: Recall that good absorbers are good emitters. [cite: 648]
[cite_start]4.6: Relate the principles of thermal energy transfer to the design of devices. [cite: 660, 661]
SECTION C - WAVES AND OPTICS
1.1: Differentiate between types of waves. [cite: 735]
[cite_start]1.2: Apply speed, frequency, wavelength, period and amplitude using the formula $v = f\lambda$. [cite: 768, 769, 770, 771, 778]
[cite_start]1.3: Represent transverse and longitudinal waves in displacement-position and displacement-time graphs. [cite: 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777]
[cite_start]2.1: Describe how sound is produced and propagated in a medium. [cite: 794, 795]
[cite_start]2.2: Relate the terms 'pitch' and 'loudness' to wave parameters. [cite: 804, 805]
[cite_start]2.3: Apply the speed of sound to practical situations. [cite: 810]
[cite_start]2.4: Cite evidence that sound waves reflect, refract, diffract and interfere. [cite: 830, 831]
[cite_start]2.5: Describe the use of ultrasound. [cite: 844]
[cite_start]3.1: State the properties of electromagnetic (e.m.) waves. [cite: 848]
[cite_start]3.2: Differentiate between types of e.m. waves in terms of their wavelengths. [cite: 849]
[cite_start]3.3: Identify a source and use of each type of e.m. wave. [cite: 850]
[cite_start]4.1: Compare the rival theories of light held by scientists. [cite: 862]
[cite_start]4.2: Conduct a Young's double slit experiment to show that light is a wave. [cite: 870]
[cite_start]4.3: Explain why the diffraction of light is not normally observed. [cite: 870]
[cite_start]4.4: Apply the principle that light travels in straight lines. [cite: 870]
[cite_start]4.5: Apply the laws of reflection. [cite: 870]
[cite_start]4.6: Describe the formation of images in a plane mirror. [cite: 870]
[cite_start]4.7: Give examples of observations which indicate that light can be refracted. [cite: 870]
[cite_start]4.8: Describe the refraction of light rays. [cite: 876]
[cite_start]4.9: Describe how a prism may be used to produce a spectrum. [cite: 876]
[cite_start]4.10: Apply Snell's Law. [cite: 876]
[cite_start]4.11: Explain 'critical angle' and 'total internal reflection'. [cite: 876]
[cite_start]4.12: Relate critical angles to total internal reflection. [cite: 876]
[cite_start]4.13: Draw diagrams illustrating applications of total internal reflection. [cite: 876]
[cite_start]5.1: Illustrate the effect of converging and diverging lenses on a beam of parallel rays. [cite: 884]
[cite_start]5.2: Define the terms: principal axis, principal focus, focal length, focal plane, and magnification. [cite: 884]
[cite_start]5.3: Differentiate between real and virtual images. [cite: 884]
[cite_start]5.4: Apply the equations for magnification. [cite: 884]
[cite_start]5.5: Determine the focal length of a converging lens using the lens formula $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v}$. [cite: 884, 889]
SECTION D - ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
1.1: Explain the charging of objects by friction. [cite: 960]
[cite_start]1.2: Describe the forces that electric charges exert on each other. [cite: 961]
[cite_start]1.3: Explain charging by induction. [cite: 962]
[cite_start]1.4: Define an electric field. [cite: 980]
[cite_start]1.5: Describe one hazard and one useful application of static charge. [cite: 980]
[cite_start]2.1: Distinguish between conductors and insulators. [cite: 980]
[cite_start]2.2: State that an electric current in a metal consists of a flow of electrons. [cite: 980]
[cite_start]2.3: Differentiate between electron flow and conventional current. [cite: 986]
[cite_start]2.4: State the unit of electrical current. [cite: 986]
[cite_start]2.5: Apply the relationship $Q = It$. [cite: 986]
[cite_start]2.6: Differentiate between direct and alternating currents. [cite: 986]
[cite_start]2.7: Analyse current-time or voltage-time graphs. [cite: 986]
[cite_start]3.1: Cite examples of the conversion of electrical energy to other forms and vice versa. [cite: 990, 991, 992, 994]
[cite_start]3.2: Apply the relationship $V = E/Q$. [cite: 1003]
[cite_start]3.3: Apply the relationship $P = IV$. [cite: 1017]
[cite_start]3.4: Discuss the importance of conserving electrical energy and the means of doing so. [cite: 1018, 1019, 1020]
[cite_start]4.1: Use symbols to construct circuit diagrams. [cite: 1025]
[cite_start]4.2: Differentiate between series and parallel circuits. [cite: 1026, 1027]
[cite_start]4.3: Explain the functions of the various parts of a zinc-carbon cell. [cite: 1049]
[cite_start]4.4: Distinguish between primary and secondary cells. [cite: 1049]
[cite_start]4.5: Draw a circuit diagram to show how a secondary cell can be recharged. [cite: 1049]
[cite_start]4.6: Investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for various components. [cite: 1049]
[cite_start]4.7: Explain the concept of resistance. [cite: 1058]
[cite_start]4.8: Apply Ohm's Law relationship $R = V/I$. [cite: 1058]
[cite_start]4.9: Explain why it is necessary for an ammeter to have a very low resistance. [cite: 1058]
[cite_start]4.10: Explain why it is necessary for a voltmeter to have a very high resistance. [cite: 1058]
[cite_start]4.11: Solve problems involving series and parallel resistance. [cite: 1058]
[cite_start]4.12: Solve problems involving series, parallel and series-parallel circuits. [cite: 1064]
[cite_start]4.13: Discuss the reasons for using parallel connections of domestic appliances. [cite: 1070]
[cite_start]4.14: Explain the purpose of a fuse or circuit breaker and the earth wire. [cite: 1070]
[cite_start]4.15: Select a fuse or circuit breaker of suitable current rating for a given appliance. [cite: 1070]
[cite_start]4.16: State the adverse effects of connecting electrical appliances to incorrect or fluctuating voltage supplies. [cite: 1070, 1071]
[cite_start]5.1: Describe how a semi-conductor diode can be used in half wave rectification. [cite: 1092]
[cite_start]5.2: Differentiate between direct current from batteries and rectified alternating current by a consideration of the V-t graphs for both cases. [cite: 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097]
[cite_start]5.3: Recall the symbols for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR logic gates. [cite: 1103]
[cite_start]5.4: State the function of each gate with the aid of truth tables. [cite: 1104]
[cite_start]5.5: Analyze circuits involving the combinations of not more than three logic gates. [cite: 1105]
[cite_start]5.6: Discuss the impact of electronic and technological advances on society. [cite: 1106]
[cite_start]6.1: Differentiate between magnetic and non-magnetic materials. [cite: 1125, 1126]
[cite_start]6.2: Explain how a magnet can attract an unmagnetised object. [cite: 1127]
[cite_start]6.3: Distinguish between materials used to make "permanent" and "temporary" magnets. [cite: 1128]
[cite_start]6.4: Identify the poles of a magnetic dipole. [cite: 1129]
[cite_start]6.5: Investigate the forces between magnetic poles. [cite: 1145]
[cite_start]6.6: Define a magnetic field. [cite: 1146]
[cite_start]6.7: Map magnetic fields. [cite: 1155]
[cite_start]7.1: Conduct simple experiments to investigate the magnetic field pattern around current-carrying conductors. [cite: 1155]
[cite_start]7.2: Apply suitable rules which relate the direction of current flow to the direction of the magnetic field. [cite: 1155]
[cite_start]7.3: Describe a commercial application of an electromagnet. [cite: 1155]
[cite_start]7.4: Conduct an experiment which demonstrates the existence of a force on a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. [cite: 1155]
[cite_start]7.5: Sketch the resultant magnetic flux pattern when a current carrying wire is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. [cite: 1162]
[cite_start]7.6: Apply Fleming's left-hand (motor) rule. [cite: 1162]
[cite_start]7.7: Identify the factors that affect the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. [cite: 1162]
[cite_start]7.8: Explain the action of a D.C. motor. [cite: 1162]
[cite_start]7.9: Describe simple activities which demonstrate an induced e.m.f. [cite: 1162]
[cite_start]7.10: Conduct simple experiments to show the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. [cite: 1162]
[cite_start]7.11: Predict the direction of induced current given the direction of motion of the conductor and that of the magnetic field. [cite: 1169]
[cite_start]7.12: Explain the action of the A.C. generator. [cite: 1169]
[cite_start]7.13: Explain the principle of operation of a transformer. [cite: 1169]
[cite_start]7.14: State the advantages of using a.c. for transferring electrical energy. [cite: 1169]
[cite_start]7.15: Apply the ideal transformer formula $\frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p} = \frac{I_p}{I_s}$. [cite: 1169]
SECTION E - THE PHYSICS OF THE ATOM
1.1: Describe the work done in establishing the modern view of the atom (Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Chadwick). [cite: 1243, 1250]
[cite_start]1.2: Describe the Geiger-Marsden experiment. [cite: 1244]
[cite_start]2.1: Sketch the structure of simple atoms. [cite: 1262, 1263, 1264]
[cite_start]2.2: Compare the mass and charge of the electron with the mass and charge of the proton. [cite: 1275]
[cite_start]2.3: Explain why an atom is normally neutral and stable. [cite: 1275]
[cite_start]2.4: Apply the relationship $A = Z + N$ and use the standard notation for representing a nuclide ($^A_Z X$). [cite: 1275]
[cite_start]2.5: Explain what is meant by the term "isotope". [cite: 1275]
[cite_start]2.6: Relate the shell model of the atom to the periodic table. [cite: 1275]
[cite_start]3.1: Describe Marie Curie's work in the field of radioactivity. [cite: 1283]
[cite_start]3.2: State the nature of the three types of radioactive emissions ($\alpha, \beta, \gamma$). [cite: 1284]
[cite_start]3.3: Describe experiments to compare the ranges of $\alpha, \beta,$ and $\gamma$ emission. [cite: 1285]
[cite_start]3.4: Describe the appearance of the tracks of radioactive emissions in a cloud chamber. [cite: 1286]
[cite_start]3.5: Predict the effects of magnetic and electric fields on the motion of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ particles and $\gamma$ rays. [cite: 1297]
[cite_start]3.6: Interpret nuclear reactions in the standard form. [cite: 1297]
[cite_start]3.7: Conduct an activity to demonstrate the random nature of radioactive decay. [cite: 1297]
[cite_start]3.8: Recall that the decay process is independent of the conditions external to the nucleus. [cite: 1297]
[cite_start]3.9: Use graphs of random decay to show that such processes have constant half-lives. [cite: 1297]
[cite_start]3.10: Solve problems involving half-life. [cite: 1297]
[cite_start]3.11: Discuss the useful applications of radio-isotopes. [cite: 1297]
[cite_start]3.12: Relate the release of energy in a nuclear reaction to a change in mass ($\Delta E = \Delta mc^2$). [cite: 1307, 1310]
[cite_start]3.13: Cite arguments for and against the utilisation of nuclear energy. [cite: 1322]